Plots

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.BaseHistogram

Bases: BasePlotter

__call__(metric_value_in, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Plot a histogram of metric_values (such as would come from a spatial slicer).

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.BasePlotter

Bases: object

Serve as the base type for MAF plotters and example of API.

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.BaseSkyMap

Bases: BasePlotter

__call__(metric_value_in, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Plot the sky map of metric_value for a generic spatial slicer.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.CategoricalHourglassPlotMixin(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: object

A mix-in to allow the HourglassPlot to accept categorical data, rather than float/int.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.FOPlot

Bases: BasePlotter

Special plotter to generate and label fO plots.

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.GeneralHourglassPlot(tz='Chile/Continental', site='Cerro Pachon', solar_time=True, marked_ra=None)

Bases: BasePlotter

Make an hourglass plot

Parameters:

• tz (str) – The timezone to use

• site (str) – The site name (sent to astropy.coordinates.EarthLocation.of_site)

• solar_time (bool) – Use solar time as the x axis (instead of civil time)?

• marked_ra (dict) – A dictionary of RA values (in deg) for which to label transit lines.

• more (A general feature of the hourglass plot is that you can pass)

• values (data (such as the metric)

• survey) (calculated for the entire)

• plotter (to the plotter than are actually included in the plot. The)

• data (will pull out the select subset of)

• kwargs. (defined by)

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Restructure the metric data to use, and build the figure.

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.HealpixHistogram

Bases: BasePlotter

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Histogram metric_value for all healpix points.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.HealpixPowerSpectrum

Bases: BasePlotter

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Generate and plot the power spectrum of metric_values (for metrics calculated on a healpix grid).

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.HealpixSDSSSkyMap

Bases: BasePlotter

__call__(metric_value_in, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Plot the sky map of metric_value using healpy cartview plots in thin strips. raMin: Minimum RA to plot (deg) raMax: Max RA to plot (deg). Note raMin/raMax define the centers that will be plotted. raLen: Length of the plotted strips in degrees decMin: minimum dec value to plot decMax: max dec value to plot metric_value_in: metric values

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.HealpixSkyMap

Bases: BasePlotter

Generate a sky map of healpix metric values using healpy’s mollweide view.

__call__(metric_value_in, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.HourglassPlot

Bases: BasePlotter

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Generate the hourglass plot

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.HpxmapPlotter

Bases: SkyprojPlotter

decorate()

Add decorations/annotations to the sky plot.

Notes

For decorations that depend on the time or location of the observer (e.g., the horizon and sun and moon positions) this method relies on the site location and time (as an mjd) set in the model_observatory element of the plot_dict, which should be of the class rubin_scheduler.scheduler.model_observatory.ModelObservatory. Other decorations (e.g., the ecliptic and galactic plane) can be shown even when model_observatory is not set.

draw(metric_values_in, slicer)

Draw the healpix map.

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer

draw_colorbar()

Add a color bar.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.Integral

Bases: Rational

Integral adds methods that work on integral numbers.

In short, these are conversion to int, pow with modulus, and the bit-string operations.

abstract __and__(other)

self & other

__float__()

float(self) == float(int(self))

__index__()

Called whenever an index is needed, such as in slicing

abstract __int__()

int(self)

abstract __invert__()

~self

abstract __lshift__(other)

self << other

abstract __or__(other)

self | other

abstract __pow__(exponent, modulus=None)

self ** exponent % modulus, but maybe faster.

Accept the modulus argument if you want to support the 3-argument version of pow(). Raise a TypeError if exponent < 0 or any argument isn’t Integral. Otherwise, just implement the 2-argument version described in Complex.

abstract __rand__(other)

other & self

abstract __rlshift__(other)

other << self

abstract __ror__(other)

other | self

abstract __rrshift__(other)

other >> self

abstract __rshift__(other)

self >> other

abstract __rxor__(other)

other ^ self

abstract __xor__(other)

self ^ other

property denominator

Integers have a denominator of 1.

property numerator

Integers are their own numerators.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.LambertSkyMap

Bases: BasePlotter

Use basemap and contour to make a Lambertian projection. Note that the plot_dict can include a ‘basemap’ key with a dictionary of arbitrary kwargs to use with the call to Basemap.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.MetricVsH

Bases: BasePlotter

Plot metric values versus H. Marginalize over metric values in each H bin using ‘np_reduce’.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.MetricVsOrbit(xaxis='q', yaxis='e')

Bases: BasePlotter

Plot metric values (at a particular H value) vs. orbital parameters. Marginalize over metric values in each orbital bin using ‘np_reduce’.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.MetricVsOrbitPoints(xaxis='q', yaxis='e')

Bases: BasePlotter

Plot metric values (at a particular H value) as function of orbital parameters, using points for each metric value.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.MonthHourglassCategoricalPlot(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: CategoricalHourglassPlotMixin, MonthHourglassPlot

Plot categorical data for a Month.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.MonthHourglassPlot(month, year, **kwargs)

Bases: GeneralHourglassPlot

Make an hourglass plot for a month

Parameters:

• month (int) – The month number (1-12).

• year (int) – The year.

• GeneralHourglassPlot (Keyward arguments are passed to)

• metric (Note that this pulls the chosen month's data out of the)

• Unsubclassed (values calculated for the entire survey.)

• class (this)

• data (expects to obtain float/int data. To use it with other)

• its

• mixin (subclass that includes the appropriate)

• a ((MonthHourglassCategoricalPlot or MonthHourglassUsePlot) or)

• subclass. (custom)

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.MonthHourglassUsePlot(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: TimeUseHourglassPlotMixin, MonthHourglassPlot

Plot categorical ‘use’ data for one month.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.NeoDistancePlotter(step=0.01, eclip_max=10.0, eclip_min=-10.0)

Bases: BasePlotter

Special plotter to calculate and plot the maximum distance an H=22 NEO could be observable to, in any particular opsim observation.

Parameters:

• step (float, optional) – Step size to use for radial bins. Default is 0.01 AU.

• eclip_max (float, float, optional) – Range of ecliptic latitude values to include when creating the plot.

• eclip_min (float, float, optional) – Range of ecliptic latitude values to include when creating the plot.

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.NightPointingPlotter(mjd_col='observationStartMJD', alt_col='alt', az_col='az')

Bases: BasePlotter

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.OneDBinnedData

Bases: BasePlotter

Plot data from a OneDSlicer.

__call__(metric_values, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Plot a set of oneD binned metric data.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.OneDSubsetData

Bases: BasePlotter

Plot a single axes from the sliceColList, identified by plot_dict[‘axis’], given the metric_values at all slicepoints [sums over non-visible axes].

__call__(metric_values, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.PlotHandler(out_dir='.', results_db=None, savefig=True, fig_format='pdf', dpi=600, thumbnail=True, trim_whitespace=True)

Bases: object

Create plots from a single or series of metric bundles.

Parameters:

• out_dir (str, optional) – Directory to save output plots.

• results_db (rubin_sim.maf.ResultsDb, optional) – ResultsDb into which to record plot location and information.

• savefig (bool, optional) – Flag for saving images to disk (versus create and return to caller).

• fig_format (str, optional) – Figure format to use to save full-size output. Default PDF.

• dpi (int, optional) – DPI to save output figures to disk at. (for matplotlib figures).

• thumbnail (bool, optional) – Flag for saving thumbnails (reduced size pngs) to disk.

• trim_whitespace (bool, optional) – Flag for trimming whitespace option to matplotlib output figures. Default True, usually doesn’t need to be changed.

plot(plot_func, plot_dicts=None, display_dict=None, outfile_root=None, outfile_suffix=None)

Create a plot for the active metric bundles (self.set_metric_bundles).

Parameters:

• plot_func (rubin_sim.plots.BasePlotter) – The plotter to use to make the figure.

• plot_dicts (list of [dict], optional) – List of plot_dicts for each metric bundle. Can use these to override individual metric bundle colors, etc.

• display_dict (dict, optional) – Information to save to resultsDb to accompany the figure on the show_maf pages. Generally set automatically. Includes a caption.

• outfile_root (str, optional) – Output filename. Generally set automatically, but can be overriden (such as when output filenames get too long).

• outfile_suffix (str, optional) – A suffix to add to the end of the default output filename. Useful when creating a series of plots, such as for a movie.

Returns:

fig – The plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

set_metric_bundles(m_bundles)

Set the metric bundle or bundles (list or dictionary). Reuse the PlotHandler by resetting this reference. The metric bundles have to have the same slicer.

set_plot_dicts(plot_dicts=None, plot_func=None, reset=False)

Set or update the plot_dict for the (possibly joint) plots.

Resolution is: (from lowest to higher) auto-generated items (colors/labels/titles) < anything previously set in the plot_handler < defaults set by the plotter < explicitly set items in the metricBundle plot_dict < explicitly set items in the plot_dicts list passed to this method.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.RangeHourglassCategoricalPlot(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: CategoricalHourglassPlotMixin, RangeHourglassPlot

Plot categorical data for a range of dates.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.SkyCoord(*args, copy=True, **kwargs)

Bases: MaskableShapedLikeNDArray

High-level object providing a flexible interface for celestial coordinate representation, manipulation, and transformation between systems.

The |SkyCoord| class accepts a wide variety of inputs for initialization. At a minimum these must provide one or more celestial coordinate values with unambiguous units. Inputs may be scalars or lists/tuples/arrays, yielding scalar or array coordinates (can be checked via SkyCoord.isscalar). Typically one also specifies the coordinate frame, though this is not required. The general pattern for spherical representations is:

SkyCoord(COORD, [FRAME], keyword_args ...)
SkyCoord(LON, LAT, [FRAME], keyword_args ...)
SkyCoord(LON, LAT, [DISTANCE], frame=FRAME, unit=UNIT, keyword_args ...)
SkyCoord([FRAME], <lon_attr>=LON, <lat_attr>=LAT, keyword_args ...)

It is also possible to input coordinate values in other representations such as cartesian or cylindrical. In this case one includes the keyword argument representation_type='cartesian' (for example) along with data in x, y, and z.

See also: https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/coordinates/

Examples

The examples below illustrate common ways of initializing a |SkyCoord| object. For a complete description of the allowed syntax see the full coordinates documentation. First some imports:

>>> from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord  # High-level coordinates
>>> from astropy.coordinates import ICRS, Galactic, FK4, FK5  # Low-level frames
>>> from astropy.coordinates import Angle, Latitude, Longitude  # Angles
>>> import astropy.units as u

The coordinate values and frame specification can now be provided using positional and keyword arguments:

>>> c = SkyCoord(10, 20, unit="deg")  # defaults to ICRS frame
>>> c = SkyCoord([1, 2, 3], [-30, 45, 8], frame="icrs", unit="deg")  # 3 coords

>>> coords = ["1:12:43.2 +31:12:43", "1 12 43.2 +31 12 43"]
>>> c = SkyCoord(coords, frame=FK4, unit=(u.hourangle, u.deg), obstime="J1992.21")

>>> c = SkyCoord("1h12m43.2s +1d12m43s", frame=Galactic)  # Units from string
>>> c = SkyCoord(frame="galactic", l="1h12m43.2s", b="+1d12m43s")

>>> ra = Longitude([1, 2, 3], unit=u.deg)  # Could also use Angle
>>> dec = np.array([4.5, 5.2, 6.3]) * u.deg  # Astropy Quantity
>>> c = SkyCoord(ra, dec, frame='icrs')
>>> c = SkyCoord(frame=ICRS, ra=ra, dec=dec, obstime='2001-01-02T12:34:56')

>>> c = FK4(1 * u.deg, 2 * u.deg)  # Uses defaults for obstime, equinox
>>> c = SkyCoord(c, obstime='J2010.11', equinox='B1965')  # Override defaults

>>> c = SkyCoord(w=0, u=1, v=2, unit='kpc', frame='galactic',
...              representation_type='cartesian')

>>> c = SkyCoord([ICRS(ra=1*u.deg, dec=2*u.deg), ICRS(ra=3*u.deg, dec=4*u.deg)])

Velocity components (proper motions or radial velocities) can also be provided in a similar manner:

>>> c = SkyCoord(ra=1*u.deg, dec=2*u.deg, radial_velocity=10*u.km/u.s)

>>> c = SkyCoord(ra=1*u.deg, dec=2*u.deg, pm_ra_cosdec=2*u.mas/u.yr, pm_dec=1*u.mas/u.yr)

As shown, the frame can be a BaseCoordinateFrame class or the corresponding string alias – lower-case versions of the class name that allow for creating a |SkyCoord| object and transforming frames without explicitly importing the frame classes.

Parameters:

• frame (BaseCoordinateFrame class or string, optional) – Type of coordinate frame this |SkyCoord| should represent. Defaults to to ICRS if not given or given as None.

• unit (Unit, string, or tuple of Unit or str, optional) – Units for supplied coordinate values. If only one unit is supplied then it applies to all values. Note that passing only one unit might lead to unit conversion errors if the coordinate values are expected to have mixed physical meanings (e.g., angles and distances).

• obstime (time-like, optional) – Time(s) of observation.

• equinox (time-like, optional) – Coordinate frame equinox time.

• representation_type (str or Representation class) – Specifies the representation, e.g. ‘spherical’, ‘cartesian’, or ‘cylindrical’. This affects the positional args and other keyword args which must correspond to the given representation.

• copy (bool, optional) – If True (default), a copy of any coordinate data is made. This argument can only be passed in as a keyword argument.

• **keyword_args –

  Other keyword arguments as applicable for user-defined coordinate frames. Common options include:

  ra, decangle-like, optional

  RA and Dec for frames where ra and dec are keys in the frame’s representation_component_names, including ICRS, FK5, FK4, and FK4NoETerms.

  pm_ra_cosdec, pm_decQuantity [‘angular speed’], optional

  Proper motion components, in angle per time units.

  l, bangle-like, optional

  Galactic l and b for for frames where l and b are keys in the frame’s representation_component_names, including the Galactic frame.

  pm_l_cosb, pm_bQuantity [‘angular speed’], optional

  Proper motion components in the Galactic frame, in angle per time units.

  x, y, zfloat or Quantity [‘length’], optional

  Cartesian coordinates values

  u, v, wfloat or Quantity [‘length’], optional

  Cartesian coordinates values for the Galactic frame.

  radial_velocityQuantity [‘speed’], optional

  The component of the velocity along the line-of-sight (i.e., the radial direction), in velocity units.

__dir__()

Original dir() behavior, plus frame attributes and transforms.

This dir includes: - All attributes of the SkyCoord class - Coordinate transforms available by aliases - Attribute / methods of the underlying self.frame objects

__eq__(value)

Equality operator for SkyCoord.

This implements strict equality and requires that the frames are equivalent, extra frame attributes are equivalent, and that the representation data are exactly equal.

__getattr__(attr)

Overrides getattr to return coordinates that this can be transformed to, based on the alias attr in the primary transform graph.

__setitem__(item, value)

Implement self[item] = value for SkyCoord.

The right hand value must be strictly consistent with self: - Identical class - Equivalent frames - Identical representation_types - Identical representation differentials keys - Identical frame attributes - Identical “extra” frame attributes (e.g. obstime for an ICRS coord)

With these caveats the setitem ends up as effectively a setitem on the representation data.

self.frame.data[item] = value.frame.data

apply_space_motion(new_obstime=None, dt=None)

Compute the position to a new time using the velocities.

Compute the position of the source represented by this coordinate object to a new time using the velocities stored in this object and assuming linear space motion (including relativistic corrections). This is sometimes referred to as an “epoch transformation”.

The initial time before the evolution is taken from the obstime attribute of this coordinate. Note that this method currently does not support evolving coordinates where the frame has an obstime frame attribute, so the obstime is only used for storing the before and after times, not actually as an attribute of the frame. Alternatively, if dt is given, an obstime need not be provided at all.

Parameters:

• new_obstime (Time, optional) – The time at which to evolve the position to. Requires that the obstime attribute be present on this frame.

• dt (Quantity, TimeDelta, optional) – An amount of time to evolve the position of the source. Cannot be given at the same time as new_obstime.

Returns:

new_coord – A new coordinate object with the evolved location of this coordinate at the new time. obstime will be set on this object to the new time only if self also has obstime.

Return type:

|SkyCoord|

contained_by(wcs, image=None, **kwargs)

Determines if the SkyCoord is contained in the given wcs footprint.

Parameters:

• wcs (WCS) – The coordinate to check if it is within the wcs coordinate.

• image (array) – Optional. The image associated with the wcs object that the coordinate is being checked against. If not given the naxis keywords will be used to determine if the coordinate falls within the wcs footprint.

• **kwargs – Additional arguments to pass to to_pixel

Returns:

response – True means the WCS footprint contains the coordinate, False means it does not.

Return type:

bool

directional_offset_by(position_angle, separation)

Computes coordinates at the given offset from this coordinate.

Parameters:

• position_angle (Angle) – position_angle of offset

• separation (Angle) – offset angular separation

Returns:

newpoints – The coordinates for the location that corresponds to offsetting by the given position_angle and separation.

Return type:

SkyCoord

Notes

Returned SkyCoord frame retains only the frame attributes that are for the resulting frame type. (e.g. if the input frame is ICRS, an equinox value will be retained, but an obstime will not.)

For a more complete set of transform offsets, use WCS. skyoffset_frame() can also be used to create a spherical frame with (lat=0, lon=0) at a reference point, approximating an xy cartesian system for small offsets. This method is distinct in that it is accurate on the sphere.

See also

position_angle()

inverse operation for the position_angle component

separation()

inverse operation for the separation component

classmethod from_name(name, frame='icrs', parse=False, cache=True)

Given a name, query the CDS name resolver to attempt to retrieve coordinate information for that object. The search database, sesame url, and query timeout can be set through configuration items in astropy.coordinates.name_resolve – see docstring for get_icrs_coordinates for more information.

Parameters:

• name (str) – The name of the object to get coordinates for, e.g. 'M42'.

• frame (str or BaseCoordinateFrame class or instance) – The frame to transform the object to.

• parse (bool) – Whether to attempt extracting the coordinates from the name by parsing with a regex. For objects catalog names that have J-coordinates embedded in their names, e.g., ‘CRTS SSS100805 J194428-420209’, this may be much faster than a Sesame query for the same object name. The coordinates extracted in this way may differ from the database coordinates by a few deci-arcseconds, so only use this option if you do not need sub-arcsecond accuracy for coordinates.

• cache (bool, optional) – Determines whether to cache the results or not. To update or overwrite an existing value, pass cache='update'.

Returns:

coord – Instance of the SkyCoord class.

Return type:

SkyCoord

classmethod from_pixel(xp, yp, wcs, origin=0, mode='all')

Create a new SkyCoord from pixel coordinates using a World Coordinate System.

Parameters:

• xp (float or ndarray) – The coordinates to convert.

• yp (float or ndarray) – The coordinates to convert.

• wcs (WCS) – The WCS to use for convert

• origin (int) – Whether to return 0 or 1-based pixel coordinates.

• mode ('all' or 'wcs') – Whether to do the transformation including distortions ('all') or only including only the core WCS transformation ('wcs').

Returns:

coord – A new object with sky coordinates corresponding to the input xp and yp.

Return type:

SkyCoord

See also

to_pixel

to do the inverse operation

astropy.wcs.utils.pixel_to_skycoord

the implementation of this method

get_constellation(short_name=False, constellation_list='iau')

Determines the constellation(s) of the coordinates this SkyCoord contains.

Parameters:

• short_name (bool) – If True, the returned names are the IAU-sanctioned abbreviated names. Otherwise, full names for the constellations are used.

• constellation_list (str) – The set of constellations to use. Currently only 'iau' is supported, meaning the 88 “modern” constellations endorsed by the IAU.

Returns:

constellation – If this is a scalar coordinate, returns the name of the constellation. If it is an array |SkyCoord|, it returns an array of names.

Return type:

str or string array

Notes

To determine which constellation a point on the sky is in, this first precesses to B1875, and then uses the Delporte boundaries of the 88 modern constellations, as tabulated by Roman 1987.

See also

astropy.coordinates.get_constellation

get_mask(*attrs)

Get the mask associated with these coordinates.

Parameters:

*attrs (str) – Attributes from which to get the masks to combine. Items can be dotted, like "data.lon", "data.lat". By default, get the combined mask of all components (including from differentials), ignoring possible masks of attributes.

Returns:

mask – The combined, read-only mask. If the instance is not masked, it is an array of False with the correct shape.

Return type:

ndarray of bool

Raises:

ValueError – If the coordinate frame has no associated data.

classmethod guess_from_table(table, **coord_kwargs)

A convenience method to create and return a new SkyCoord from the data in an astropy Table.

This method matches table columns that start with the case-insensitive names of the components of the requested frames (including differentials), if they are also followed by a non-alphanumeric character. It will also match columns that end with the component name if a non-alphanumeric character is before it.

For example, the first rule means columns with names like 'RA[J2000]' or 'ra' will be interpreted as ra attributes for ICRS frames, but 'RAJ2000' or 'radius' are not. Similarly, the second rule applied to the Galactic frame means that a column named 'gal_l' will be used as the l component, but gall or 'fill' will not.

The definition of alphanumeric here is based on Unicode’s definition of alphanumeric, except without _ (which is normally considered alphanumeric). So for ASCII, this means the non-alphanumeric characters are <space>_!"#$%&'()*+,-./\:;<=>?@[]^`{|}~).

Parameters:

• table (Table or subclass) – The table to load data from.

• **coord_kwargs – Any additional keyword arguments are passed directly to this class’s constructor.

Returns:

newsc – The new instance.

Return type:

SkyCoord or subclass

Raises:

ValueError – If more than one match is found in the table for a component, unless the additional matches are also valid frame component names. If a “coord_kwargs” is provided for a value also found in the table.

insert(obj, values, axis=0)

Make a copy with coordinate values inserted before the given indices.

The values to be inserted must conform to the rules for in-place setting of the object.

The API signature matches the np.insert API, but is more limited. The specification of insert index obj must be a single integer, and the axis must be 0 for simple insertion before the index.

Parameters:

• obj (int) – Integer index before which values is inserted.

• values (array-like) – Value(s) to insert. If the type of values is different from that of quantity, values is converted to the matching type.

• axis (int, optional) – Axis along which to insert values. Default is 0, which is the only allowed value and will insert a row.

Returns:

coord – Copy of instance with new values inserted.

Return type:

|SkyCoord|, |BaseFrame|

is_equivalent_frame(other)

Checks if this object’s frame is the same as that of the other object.

To be the same frame, two objects must be the same frame class and have the same frame attributes. For two |SkyCoord| objects, all of the frame attributes have to match, not just those relevant for the object’s frame.

Parameters:

other (SkyCoord or BaseCoordinateFrame) – The other object to check.

Returns:

isequiv – True if the frames are the same, False if not.

Return type:

bool

Raises:

TypeError – If other isn’t a |SkyCoord| or a subclass of BaseCoordinateFrame.

is_transformable_to(new_frame)

Determines if this coordinate frame can be transformed to another given frame.

Parameters:

new_frame (frame class, frame object, or str) – The proposed frame to transform into.

Returns:

transformable – True if this can be transformed to new_frame, False if not, or the string ‘same’ if new_frame is the same system as this object but no transformation is defined.

Return type:

bool or str

Notes

A return value of ‘same’ means the transformation will work, but it will just give back a copy of this object. The intended usage is:

if coord.is_transformable_to(some_unknown_frame):
    coord2 = coord.transform_to(some_unknown_frame)

This will work even if some_unknown_frame turns out to be the same frame class as coord. This is intended for cases where the frame is the same regardless of the frame attributes (e.g. ICRS), but be aware that it might also indicate that someone forgot to define the transformation between two objects of the same frame class but with different attributes.

property mask

The mask associated with these coordinates.

Combines the masks of all components of the underlying representation, including possible differentials.

property masked

Whether the underlying data is masked.

Raises:

ValueError – If the frame has no associated data.

match_to_catalog_3d(catalogcoord, nthneighbor=1)

Finds the nearest 3-dimensional matches of this coordinate to a set of catalog coordinates.

This finds the 3-dimensional closest neighbor, which is only different from the on-sky distance if distance is set in this object or the catalogcoord object.

For more on how to use this (and related) functionality, see the examples in astropy-coordinates-separations-matching.

Parameters:

• catalogcoord (SkyCoord or BaseCoordinateFrame) – The base catalog in which to search for matches. Typically this will be a coordinate object that is an array (i.e., catalogcoord.isscalar == False)

• nthneighbor (int, optional) – Which closest neighbor to search for. Typically 1 is desired here, as that is correct for matching one set of coordinates to another. The next likely use case is 2, for matching a coordinate catalog against itself (1 is inappropriate because each point will find itself as the closest match).

Returns:

• idx (int array) – Indices into catalogcoord to get the matched points for each of this object’s coordinates. Shape matches this object.

• sep2d (Angle) – The on-sky separation between the closest match for each element in this object in catalogcoord. Shape matches this object.

• dist3d (Quantity [‘length’]) – The 3D distance between the closest match for each element in this object in catalogcoord. Shape matches this object.

Notes

This method requires SciPy to be installed or it will fail.

See also

astropy.coordinates.match_coordinates_3d, SkyCoord.match_to_catalog_sky

match_to_catalog_sky(catalogcoord, nthneighbor=1)

Finds the nearest on-sky matches of this coordinate in a set of catalog coordinates.

For more on how to use this (and related) functionality, see the examples in astropy-coordinates-separations-matching.

Parameters:

• catalogcoord (SkyCoord or BaseCoordinateFrame) – The base catalog in which to search for matches. Typically this will be a coordinate object that is an array (i.e., catalogcoord.isscalar == False)

• nthneighbor (int, optional) – Which closest neighbor to search for. Typically 1 is desired here, as that is correct for matching one set of coordinates to another. The next likely use case is 2, for matching a coordinate catalog against itself (1 is inappropriate because each point will find itself as the closest match).

Returns:

• idx (int array) – Indices into catalogcoord to get the matched points for each of this object’s coordinates. Shape matches this object.

• sep2d (Angle) – The on-sky separation between the closest match for each element in this object in catalogcoord. Shape matches this object.

• dist3d (Quantity [‘length’]) – The 3D distance between the closest match for each element in this object in catalogcoord. Shape matches this object. Unless both this and catalogcoord have associated distances, this quantity assumes that all sources are at a distance of 1 (dimensionless).

Notes

This method requires SciPy to be installed or it will fail.

See also

astropy.coordinates.match_coordinates_sky, SkyCoord.match_to_catalog_3d

radial_velocity_correction(kind='barycentric', obstime=None, location=None)

Compute the correction required to convert a radial velocity at a given time and place on the Earth’s Surface to a barycentric or heliocentric velocity.

Parameters:

• kind (str) – The kind of velocity correction. Must be ‘barycentric’ or ‘heliocentric’.

• obstime (Time or None, optional) – The time at which to compute the correction. If None, the obstime frame attribute on the |SkyCoord| will be used.

• location (EarthLocation or None, optional) – The observer location at which to compute the correction. If None, the location frame attribute on the passed-in obstime will be used, and if that is None, the location frame attribute on the |SkyCoord| will be used.

Raises:

• ValueError – If either obstime or location are passed in (not None) when the frame attribute is already set on this |SkyCoord|.

• TypeError – If obstime or location aren’t provided, either as arguments or as frame attributes.

Returns:

vcorr – The correction with a positive sign. I.e., add this to an observed radial velocity to get the barycentric (or heliocentric) velocity. If m/s precision or better is needed, see the notes below.

Return type:

Quantity [‘speed’]

Notes

The barycentric correction is calculated to higher precision than the heliocentric correction and includes additional physics (e.g time dilation). Use barycentric corrections if m/s precision is required.

The algorithm here is sufficient to perform corrections at the mm/s level, but care is needed in application. The barycentric correction returned uses the optical approximation v = z * c. Strictly speaking, the barycentric correction is multiplicative and should be applied as:

>>> from astropy.time import Time
>>> from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord, EarthLocation
>>> from astropy.constants import c
>>> t = Time(56370.5, format='mjd', scale='utc')
>>> loc = EarthLocation('149d33m00.5s','-30d18m46.385s',236.87*u.m)
>>> sc = SkyCoord(1*u.deg, 2*u.deg)
>>> vcorr = sc.radial_velocity_correction(kind='barycentric', obstime=t, location=loc)  
>>> rv = rv + vcorr + rv * vcorr / c  

Also note that this method returns the correction velocity in the so-called optical convention:

>>> vcorr = zb * c  

where zb is the barycentric correction redshift as defined in section 3 of Wright & Eastman (2014). The application formula given above follows from their equation (11) under assumption that the radial velocity rv has also been defined using the same optical convention. Note, this can be regarded as a matter of velocity definition and does not by itself imply any loss of accuracy, provided sufficient care has been taken during interpretation of the results. If you need the barycentric correction expressed as the full relativistic velocity (e.g., to provide it as the input to another software which performs the application), the following recipe can be used:

>>> zb = vcorr / c  
>>> zb_plus_one_squared = (zb + 1) ** 2  
>>> vcorr_rel = c * (zb_plus_one_squared - 1) / (zb_plus_one_squared + 1)  

or alternatively using just equivalencies:

>>> vcorr_rel = vcorr.to(u.Hz, u.doppler_optical(1*u.Hz)).to(vcorr.unit, u.doppler_relativistic(1*u.Hz))  

See also doppler_optical, doppler_radio, and doppler_relativistic for more information on the velocity conventions.

The default is for this method to use the builtin ephemeris for computing the sun and earth location. Other ephemerides can be chosen by setting the solar_system_ephemeris variable, either directly or via with statement. For example, to use the JPL ephemeris, do:

>>> from astropy.coordinates import solar_system_ephemeris
>>> sc = SkyCoord(1*u.deg, 2*u.deg)
>>> with solar_system_ephemeris.set('jpl'):  
...     rv += sc.radial_velocity_correction(obstime=t, location=loc)  

search_around_3d(searcharoundcoords, distlimit)

Searches for all coordinates in this object around a supplied set of points within a given 3D radius.

This is intended for use on SkyCoord objects with coordinate arrays, rather than a scalar coordinate. For a scalar coordinate, it is better to use separation_3d().

For more on how to use this (and related) functionality, see the examples in astropy-coordinates-separations-matching.

Parameters:

• searcharoundcoords (SkyCoord or BaseCoordinateFrame) – The coordinates to search around to try to find matching points in this |SkyCoord|. This should be an object with array coordinates, not a scalar coordinate object.

• distlimit (Quantity [‘length’]) – The physical radius to search within.

Returns:

• idxsearcharound (int array) – Indices into searcharoundcoords that match the corresponding elements of idxself. Shape matches idxself.

• idxself (int array) – Indices into self that match the corresponding elements of idxsearcharound. Shape matches idxsearcharound.

• sep2d (Angle) – The on-sky separation between the coordinates. Shape matches idxsearcharound and idxself.

• dist3d (Quantity [‘length’]) – The 3D distance between the coordinates. Shape matches idxsearcharound and idxself.

Notes

This method requires SciPy to be installed or it will fail.

In the current implementation, the return values are always sorted in the same order as the searcharoundcoords (so idxsearcharound is in ascending order). This is considered an implementation detail, though, so it could change in a future release.

See also

astropy.coordinates.search_around_3d, SkyCoord.search_around_sky

search_around_sky(searcharoundcoords, seplimit)

Searches for all coordinates in this object around a supplied set of points within a given on-sky separation.

This is intended for use on SkyCoord objects with coordinate arrays, rather than a scalar coordinate. For a scalar coordinate, it is better to use separation().

For more on how to use this (and related) functionality, see the examples in astropy-coordinates-separations-matching.

Parameters:

• searcharoundcoords (coordinate-like) – The coordinates to search around to try to find matching points in this |SkyCoord|. This should be an object with array coordinates, not a scalar coordinate object.

• seplimit (Quantity [‘angle’]) – The on-sky separation to search within.

Returns:

• idxsearcharound (int array) – Indices into searcharoundcoords that match the corresponding elements of idxself. Shape matches idxself.

• idxself (int array) – Indices into self that match the corresponding elements of idxsearcharound. Shape matches idxsearcharound.

• sep2d (Angle) – The on-sky separation between the coordinates. Shape matches idxsearcharound and idxself.

• dist3d (Quantity [‘length’]) – The 3D distance between the coordinates. Shape matches idxsearcharound and idxself.

Notes

This method requires SciPy to be installed or it will fail.

In the current implementation, the return values are always sorted in the same order as the searcharoundcoords (so idxsearcharound is in ascending order). This is considered an implementation detail, though, so it could change in a future release.

See also

astropy.coordinates.search_around_sky, SkyCoord.search_around_3d

property shape

The shape of the underlying data.

skyoffset_frame(rotation=None)

Returns the sky offset frame with this SkyCoord at the origin.

Parameters:

rotation (angle-like) – The final rotation of the frame about the origin. The sign of the rotation is the left-hand rule. That is, an object at a particular position angle in the un-rotated system will be sent to the positive latitude (z) direction in the final frame.

Returns:

astrframe – A sky offset frame of the same type as this |SkyCoord| (e.g., if this object has an ICRS coordinate, the resulting frame is SkyOffsetICRS, with the origin set to this object)

Return type:

SkyOffsetFrame

spherical_offsets_by(d_lon, d_lat)

Computes the coordinate that is a specified pair of angular offsets away from this coordinate.

Parameters:

• d_lon (angle-like) – The angular offset in the longitude direction. The definition of “longitude” depends on this coordinate’s frame (e.g., RA for equatorial coordinates).

• d_lat (angle-like) – The angular offset in the latitude direction. The definition of “latitude” depends on this coordinate’s frame (e.g., Dec for equatorial coordinates).

Returns:

newcoord – The coordinates for the location that corresponds to offsetting by d_lat in the latitude direction and d_lon in the longitude direction.

Return type:

SkyCoord

Notes

This internally uses SkyOffsetFrame to do the transformation. For a more complete set of transform offsets, use SkyOffsetFrame or WCS manually. This specific method can be reproduced by doing SkyCoord(SkyOffsetFrame(d_lon, d_lat, origin=self.frame).transform_to(self)).

See also

spherical_offsets_to

compute the angular offsets to another coordinate

directional_offset_by

offset a coordinate by an angle in a direction

spherical_offsets_to(tocoord)

Computes angular offsets to go from this coordinate to another.

Parameters:

tocoord (BaseCoordinateFrame) – The coordinate to find the offset to.

Returns:

• lon_offset (Angle) – The angular offset in the longitude direction. The definition of “longitude” depends on this coordinate’s frame (e.g., RA for equatorial coordinates).

• lat_offset (Angle) – The angular offset in the latitude direction. The definition of “latitude” depends on this coordinate’s frame (e.g., Dec for equatorial coordinates).

Raises:

ValueError – If the tocoord is not in the same frame as this one. This is different from the behavior of the separation()/separation_3d() methods because the offset components depend critically on the specific choice of frame.

Notes

This uses the sky offset frame machinery, and hence will produce a new sky offset frame if one does not already exist for this object’s frame class.

See also

separation()

for the total angular offset (not broken out into components).

position_angle()

for the direction of the offset.

to_pixel(wcs, origin=0, mode='all')

Convert this coordinate to pixel coordinates using a WCS object.

Parameters:

• wcs (WCS) – The WCS to use for convert

• origin (int) – Whether to return 0 or 1-based pixel coordinates.

• mode ('all' or 'wcs') – Whether to do the transformation including distortions ('all') or only including only the core WCS transformation ('wcs').

Returns:

xp, yp – The pixel coordinates

Return type:

numpy.ndarray

See also

astropy.wcs.utils.skycoord_to_pixel

the implementation of this method

to_string(style='decimal', **kwargs)

A string representation of the coordinates.

The default styles definitions are:

'decimal': 'lat': {'decimal': True, 'unit': "deg"}
           'lon': {'decimal': True, 'unit': "deg"}
'dms': 'lat': {'unit': "deg"}
       'lon': {'unit': "deg"}
'hmsdms': 'lat': {'alwayssign': True, 'pad': True, 'unit': "deg"}
          'lon': {'pad': True, 'unit': "hour"}

See to_string() for details and keyword arguments (the two angles forming the coordinates are are both Angle instances). Keyword arguments have precedence over the style defaults and are passed to to_string().

Parameters:

• style ({'hmsdms', 'dms', 'decimal'}) – The formatting specification to use. These encode the three most common ways to represent coordinates. The default is decimal.

• **kwargs – Keyword args passed to to_string().

to_table()

Convert this |SkyCoord| to a |QTable|.

Any attributes that have the same length as the |SkyCoord| will be converted to columns of the |QTable|. All other attributes will be recorded as metadata.

Returns:

A |QTable| containing the data of this |SkyCoord|.

Return type:

QTable

Examples

>>> sc = SkyCoord(ra=[40, 70]*u.deg, dec=[0, -20]*u.deg,
...               obstime=Time([2000, 2010], format='jyear'))
>>> t =  sc.to_table()
>>> t
<QTable length=2>
   ra     dec   obstime
  deg     deg
float64 float64   Time
------- ------- -------
   40.0     0.0  2000.0
   70.0   -20.0  2010.0
>>> t.meta
{'representation_type': 'spherical', 'frame': 'icrs'}

transform_to(frame, merge_attributes=True)

Transform this coordinate to a new frame.

The precise frame transformed to depends on merge_attributes. If False, the destination frame is used exactly as passed in. But this is often not quite what one wants. E.g., suppose one wants to transform an ICRS coordinate that has an obstime attribute to FK4; in this case, one likely would want to use this information. Thus, the default for merge_attributes is True, in which the precedence is as follows: (1) explicitly set (i.e., non-default) values in the destination frame; (2) explicitly set values in the source; (3) default value in the destination frame.

Note that in either case, any explicitly set attributes on the source |SkyCoord| that are not part of the destination frame’s definition are kept (stored on the resulting |SkyCoord|), and thus one can round-trip (e.g., from FK4 to ICRS to FK4 without losing obstime).

Parameters:

• frame (str, BaseCoordinateFrame class or instance, or |SkyCoord| instance) – The frame to transform this coordinate into. If a |SkyCoord|, the underlying frame is extracted, and all other information ignored.

• merge_attributes (bool, optional) – Whether the default attributes in the destination frame are allowed to be overridden by explicitly set attributes in the source (see note above; default: True).

Returns:

coord – A new object with this coordinate represented in the frame frame.

Return type:

|SkyCoord|

Raises:

ValueError – If there is no possible transformation route.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.SkyprojPlotter

Bases: BasePlotter, ABC

Base class for all plotters that use the skyproj module.

__call__(metric_values, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Make a plot.

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure. The default is None, which starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

decorate()

Add decorations/annotations to the sky plot.

Notes

For decorations that depend on the time or location of the observer (e.g., the horizon and sun and moon positions) this method relies on the site location and time (as an mjd) set in the model_observatory element of the plot_dict, which should be of the class rubin_scheduler.scheduler.model_observatory.ModelObservatory. Other decorations (e.g., the ecliptic and galactic plane) can be shown even when model_observatory is not set.

draw_body(body='sun', **kwargs)

Mark the sun or moon.

Parameters:

• body (str) – The name of the body to draw, either sun or moon. Defaults to sun

• **kwargs – Keyword arguments passed to skyproj._Skyproj.scatter

Notes

This method relies on the site location and time (as an mjd) set in the model_observatory element of the plot_dict, which should be of the class rubin_scheduler.scheduler.model_observatory.ModelObservatory.

draw_circle(center_ra, center_decl, radius=90, **kwargs)

Draw a circle on the sphere.

Parameters:

• center_ra (float) – R.A. of the center of the circle (deg.).

• center_decl (float) – Decl. of the center of the circle (deg.).

• radius (float, optional) – Radius of the circle (deg.), by default 90.0

• **kwargs – Additional keyword arguments passed to skyproj._Skyproj.draw_polygon.

draw_ecliptic()

Draw the ecliptic the sphere.

Parameters:

**kwargs – Keyword arguments passed to skyproj._Skyproj.draw_polygon.

draw_galactic_plane()

Draw the galactic plane the sphere.

Parameters:

**kwargs – Keyword arguments passed to skyproj._Skyproj.draw_polygon.

draw_zd(zd=90, **kwargs)

Draw a circle at a given zenith distance.

Parameters:

• zd (float) – The zenith distance to draw, in degrees. Defaults to 90.

• **kwargs – Keyword arguments passed to skyproj._Skyproj.draw_polygon.

Notes

This method relies on the site location and time (as an mjd) set in the model_observatory element of the plot_dict, which should be of the class rubin_scheduler.scheduler.model_observatory.ModelObservatory.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.SummaryHistogram

Bases: BasePlotter

Special plotter to summarize metrics which return a set of values at each slice_point, e.g. a histogram the metric result per slicepoint. (example: the results of with the rubin_sim.maf.metrics.TgapsMetric). Essentially, this collapses the metric value over the sky and plots a summarized version (reduced to a single value per point according to the plot_dict[‘metricReduce’] metric).

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – Handles ‘object’ datatypes for the masked array.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicer) – Any MAF slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user to override defaults. ‘metricReduce’ (a rubin_sim.maf.metric) indicates how to marginalize the metric values calculated at each point to a single series of values over the sky. ‘histStyle’ (True/False) indicates whether to plot the results as a step histogram (True) or as a series of values (False) ‘bins’ (np.ndarray) sets the x values for the resulting plot and should generally match the bins used with the metric.

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure to use. Default starts a new figure.

Returns:

fig – Matplotlib figure used to create the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.TimeUseHourglassPlotMixin(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: CategoricalHourglassPlotMixin

A mix-in to allow the HourglassPlot to accept categorical ‘use’ data rather than float/int.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.TwoDMap

Bases: BasePlotter

__call__(metric_value, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.TwoDSubsetData

Bases: BasePlotter

Plot 2 axes from the slicer.sliceColList, identified by plot_dict[‘xaxis’]/[‘yaxis’], given the metric_values at all slicepoints [sums over non-visible axes].

__call__(metric_values, slicer, user_plot_dict, fig=None)

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.VisitPairsHist

Bases: BasePlotter

Given an TwoDSlicer, figure out what fraction of observations are in singles, pairs, triples, etc.

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer.

• user_plot_dict (dict) – Dictionary of plot parameters set by user (overrides default values).

• fig (matplotlib.figure.Figure) – Matplotlib figure number to use. Default = None, starts new figure.

Returns:

fig – Figure with the plot.

Return type:

matplotlib.figure.Figure

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.VisitPerimeterPlotter

Bases: SkyprojPlotter

draw(metric_values, slicer)

Draw the perimeters of visits.

Parameters:

• metric_value (numpy.ma.MaskedArray) – The metric values from the bundle.

• slicer (rubin_sim.maf.slicers.TwoDSlicer) – The slicer

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.WeakKeyDictionary(dict=None)

Bases: MutableMapping

Mapping class that references keys weakly.

Entries in the dictionary will be discarded when there is no longer a strong reference to the key. This can be used to associate additional data with an object owned by other parts of an application without adding attributes to those objects. This can be especially useful with objects that override attribute accesses.

get(k[, d]) → D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None.

items() → a set-like object providing a view on D's items

keyrefs()

Return a list of weak references to the keys.

The references are not guaranteed to be ‘live’ at the time they are used, so the result of calling the references needs to be checked before being used. This can be used to avoid creating references that will cause the garbage collector to keep the keys around longer than needed.

keys() → a set-like object providing a view on D's keys

pop(k[, d]) → v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.

If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.

popitem() → (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair

as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

setdefault(k[, d]) → D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D

update([E, ]**F) → None.  Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.

If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v

values() → an object providing a view on D's values

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.XyPlotter

Bases: BasePlotter

Bare-bones plotter for making scatter plots. Expects single metric value (e.g, from UniSlicer or UserPointSlicer with one point)

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.YearHourglassCategoricalPlot(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: CategoricalHourglassPlotMixin, YearHourglassPlot

Plot categorical data for a year.

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.YearHourglassPlot(year, **kwargs)

Bases: GeneralHourglassPlot

Make an array of monthly hourglass plots for a year.

Parameters:

• year (int) – The year.

• GeneralHourglassPlot (Keyward arguments are passed to)

• metric (Note that this plot pulls the chosen year's data out of the)

• the (its subclass that includes)

• class (MonthHourglassPlot)

• float/int (this class expects to obtain)

• data (data. To use it with other)

• the

• or (appropriate mixin (YearHourglassCategoricalPlot)

• subclass. (YearHourglassUsePlot) or a custom)

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.YearHourglassUsePlot(*args, **kwargs)

Bases: TimeUseHourglassPlotMixin, YearHourglassPlot

Plot categorical ‘use’ data for one year.

rubin_sim.maf.plots.compute_circle_points(center_ra, center_decl, radius=90.0, start_bear=0, end_bear=360, step=1)

Create points along a circle or arc on a sphere

Parameters:

• center_ra (float) – R.A. of the center of the circle (deg.).

• center_decl (float) – Decl. of the center of the circle (deg.).

• radius (float, optional) – Radius of the circle (deg.), by default 90.0

• start_bear (int, optional) – Bearing (E. of N.) of the start of the circle (deg.), by default 0

• end_bear (int, optional) – Bearing (E. of N.) of the end of the circle (deg.), by default 360

• step (int, optional) – Spacing of the points along the circle (deg.), by default 1

Returns:

circle – DataFrame with points in the circle.

Return type:

pandas.DataFrame

class rubin_sim.maf.plots.defaultdict

Bases: dict

defaultdict(default_factory=None, /, […]) –> dict with default factory

The default factory is called without arguments to produce a new value when a key is not present, in __getitem__ only. A defaultdict compares equal to a dict with the same items. All remaining arguments are treated the same as if they were passed to the dict constructor, including keyword arguments.

copy() → a shallow copy of D.

default_factory

Factory for default value called by __missing__().

rubin_sim.maf.plots.set_color_lims(metric_value, plot_dict, key_min='color_min', key_max='color_max')

Set up x or color bar limits.